Table 3 Illustrates the T stages for urinary bladder carcinoma based of pathological findings [14, 15]
T stages | Description |
|---|---|
Ta | The cancer is a non-invasive papillary carcinoma (Ta). It has grown toward the hollow centre of the bladder but has not grown into the connective tissue or muscle of the bladder wall. |
Tis | The cancer is a flat, non-invasive carcinoma (Tis), also known as flat carcinoma in situ (CIS). |
T1 | The cancer has grown into the layer of connective tissue under the lining layer of the bladder but has not reached the layer of muscle in the bladder wall. |
T2 | The cancer has grown into the inner (T2a) or outer (T2b) muscle layer of the bladder wall, but it has not passed completely through the muscle to reach the layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the bladder. |
T3 | The cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bladder and into the layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the bladder. |
T4 | The cancer has spread into the prostate, uterus, vagina, the pelvic, or abdominal wall. |