Fig. 3

a-d US images for a 22-year-old male patient presented with an old left hypochondrium stab and was reported to have a left hemidiaphragmatic defect in his CT (a, b) US images—intercostal views—showing abnormal shape of the left hemidiaphragm with a defect was seen at the postero-lateral aspect measuring 4 cm in diameter (a, between the white arrows) with associated mild left-sided pleural effusion. c US image using superficial probe through an intercostal view measuring the thickness of the left hemidiaphragm (2.9 mm between the red dots) with a thickening fraction 15%. d US image in intercostal view showing marked limitation—almost absence—of the Lt. diaphragmatic movement in normal (= 0.3 cm), deep breathing (= 0.5 cm), and in sniff test (= 0.3 cm); these findings were relevant to a left hemidiaphragmatic weakness with a post-traumatic defect