Table 1 Statistical analysis for significant relation between morphologic/volumetric HRCT findings and clinical severity
HRCT findings: | Mild (observed and expected values) | Borderline-severe and severe/critical (observed and expected values) | Chi-square after Yates correction | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
• Volumetric analysis: | |||||
[S1] | 0–15% of lung volume is involved: | 271 (213.08) | 0 (57.92) | 258.4958 | < 0.00001 |
[S2] | 15–25% of lung volume is involved: | 27 (40.10) | 24 (10.90) | 23.1384 | 0.000017 |
[S3] | 25–50% of lung volume is involved: | 0 (38.53) | 49 (10.47) | 216.8037 | < 0.00001 |
[S4] | > 50% of lung volume is involved: | 0 (6.29) | 8 (1.71) | 30.0667 | < 0.00001 |
• Morphologic pattern: | |||||
[M1] | Pure GGO or solid nodule with GG halo sign: | 150 (121.09) | 5 (32.91) | 54.4123 | < 0.00001 |
[M2] | GGOs with “Atoll sign”: | 50 (42.46) | 4 (11.54) | 7.3078 | 0.00687 |
[M3] | GGOs mixed with consolidations: | 70 (62.90) | 10 (17.10) | 4.7499 | 0.02930 |
[M4] | Homogeneous consolidations or “curvilinear” consolidations: | 15 (22.80) | 14 (6.20) | 13.5262 | 0.00024 |
[M5] | GGOs with “air bubble sign”: | 3 (5.50) | 4 (1.50) | 5.4304 | 0.0198 |
[M6] | GGOs with early secondary fibrosis and architectural distortion: | 7 (20.44) | 19 (5.56) | 44.4097 | < 0.00001 |
[M7] | Patchy GGOs with smooth septal thickening “focal crazy paving”: | 7 (20.44) | 19 (5.56) | 44.4097 | < 0.00001 |
[M8] | It refers to diffuse alveolar damage pattern (DAD); - By definition, it is diffused (> 50%) of lung volume involvement [S4] - By definition, it represents mixed GGOs with “crazy-paving pattern” and “air bubble sign.” | ||||
0 (5.5) | 7 (1.5) | 26.2377 | < 0.00001 | ||
• Other relevant signs: | |||||
Others | Pleural effusion (minimal): | 8 (10.22) | 5 (2.78) | 2.3396 | 0.1261 |
Others | Pericardial effusion (minimal): | 8 (7.08) | 1 (1.92) | 0.5776 | 0.4472 |
Others | Tree in bud nodules: | 3 (3.15) | 1 (0.85) | 0.0317 | 0.8587 |