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Table 1 Clinical and MR imaging features of different vascular anomalies [7]

From: Role of ultrasound and colored Doppler examination in the diagnosis and the classification of the superficial soft tissue vascular anomalies

Vascular anomalies

Clinical features

MR imaging features*

Treatment

Vascular tumors

 Infantile hemangioma

Proliferating phase: occurs in 1st few weeks of life; rapidly growing lesion; strawberry-like, pulsatile, warm mass

Proliferating phase: well-defined lobulated mass, low SI on T1WI, high SI on T2WI, flow voids on SE images, no perilesion edema, early homogeneous enhancement

None (propranolol)

 

Involuting phase: grayish dark red mass; complete regression at age 7–10 y

Involuting phase: fat replacement (high SI on T1WI), decreased enhancement

 

Low-flow vascular malformations

 Venous

Occurs in childhood or early adulthood; blue, soft, compressible, non-pulsatile mass; grows proportionally with the child without regression

Septated lobulated mass without mass effect, phleboliths (low SI), fluid–fluid levels, low SI on T1WI, high SI on T2WI, no flow voids on SE images, infiltrates tissue planes, surrounding edema possible, no arterial or early venous enhancement, slow gradual enhancement, diffuse enhancement on delayed images

Percutaneous sclerotherapy

 Lymphatic

Occurs in childhood; smooth, noncompressible, rubbery mass; grows proportionally with the child without regression

Septated lobulated mass, fluid–fluid levels, low SI on T1WI, high SI on T2WI, no flow voids on SE images, infiltrates tissue planes; if macrocystic, has rim and septal enhancement; if microcystic, no significant or slight diffuse enhancement

Percutaneous sclerotherapy

 Capillary

Occurs at birth; cutaneous red discoloration; grows proportionally with the child without regression

Skin-thickness lesion

None

High-flow vascular malformations

 AVM

Occurs in childhood or early adulthood; red, pulsatile, warm mass with a thrill; grows proportionally with the child without regression

No well-defined mass; enlarged feeding arteries and draining veins; flow voids on SE images; infiltrates tissue planes; early enhancement of enlarged feeding arteries and nidus with shunting to draining veins

Transarterial embolization

  1. *the guide reference in our study in the classification of venous and lymphatic malformations compared to ultrasound and Doppler examination