Table 1 Summary of findings
ID/country | Study design | Population | Type of tracer | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Kolanko et al. [30]/UK | Case series | 3 MS patients (A woman mid-60s diagnosed in 1994, A woman mid-70s diagnosed in 1994, A woman mid-60 diagnosed in 2000) | (18)F‑Florbetapir (18F-AV1451) | Case 1: A family history of dementia in her sister late 60s. Difficulty completing the MMSE. She had been diagnosed with MS and MRI imaging at the time had been consistent with demyelination Brain MRI showed several inflammatory demyelinating lesions API was positive Case 2: ACE-III score was 87/100, API was negative Brain MRI showed MS changes with little progression when compared to previous Case 3: ACE-III score was 87/100, API was positive MRI brain showed confluent white matter changes on MRI, but no significant change in T2 lesion load when compared to previous imaging |
Zeydan et al. [32]/USA | Prospective | 10 patients underwent PET imaging (12 also underwent AV1451) | [11C] PiB tracer for β-amyloid and 18F-AV1451 tracer for tau | Cortical β-amyloid deposition was lower in MS MS pathobiology retards the accumulation of β-amyloid but not the accumulation of tau AD signature PiB SUVr, total cortical, PiB SUVr, and the frequency of abnormal PiB SUVrs were lower in MS than controls |
Vanesa Pytel et al. [31]/Spain | Prospective | 29 patients underwent PET imaging | 300 MBq 18F-florbetaben | 18F-florbetaben may be a useful biomarker in assessing myelin status in MS Increases were observed in white matter lesion burden and black hole volume but there were no significant differences in gray matter or white matter volumes No significant differences were found in MRI or PET in the level of physical disability and those who did not |
Schubert et al. [29]/UK | Case series | 11 AD patients (6/5 women/men; mean age: 66.5 ± 4.1 years), 12 mild cognitive impairment patients (4/8 women/men; mean age: 68.6 ± 7.9 years) and 12 matched healthy controls (5/7 women/men; mean age: 64.4 ± 6.6 years) 20 relapsing–remitting MS patients (13/7 women/men; mean age: 32.3 ± 5.6 years) and eight age- and sex- matched healthy controls (5/3 women/men; mean age: 31.6 ± 6.4 years) Female: 33 | 11C-PiB | Decreased 11C-PiB signal in the lateral ventricle ROIs in AD and MS patient groups compared to healthy controls Dynamic PET measures can be used to observe pathological changes in CSF dynamics Lateral ventricle 11C-PiB SUVRs were significantly lower in multiple sclerosis than in healthy controls Brain size was not found to be a significant covariate in the multiple sclerosis dataset No significant correlations were observed between gray matter 11C-PiB SUVRs and lateral ventricle. AUC35-80 in AD, mild cognitive impairment, or AD/MCI-matched control groups |
Zeydan et al. [28]/USA | Prospective | 12 patients underwent PET imaging | 292–729 MBq [11C] PiB | PiB uptake was lower in areas of WM hyperintensities compared to normal-appearing WM (NAWM) in MS (p = 0.0002) PiB uptake in the WM in late MS may be a marker No difference in global cortical PiB SUVr between patients with MS and controls in unadjusted (p = 0.35) or WMH volume adjusted models (p = 0.49) Using the cortical-to-cerebellar ratio cut off point of 1.42, 10 controls (17%) had a positive global cortical PiB PET scan while all MS patients were negative |
Bodini et al. [27]/France | Prospective | MS (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 8) (13 MS women; mean age: 32.3 years; standard deviation [SD]: 5.6), 8 healthy volunteers (5 Healthy women; mean age: 31.6 years; SD, 6.3) 19 patients who completed the study | 358 ± 34 MBq [11C] PiB | [11C] PiB PET allows quantification of myelin dynamics in MS Progressive reduction in [11C] PiB binding from the normal-appearing white matter to MS lesions White matter lesions were characterized by a centripetal decrease in the tracer binding at the voxel level |
Matías-Guiu et al. [26]/Spain | Case series | 12 patients diagnosed with MS: 5 patients had relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), 5 had secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 2 had primary progressive MS (PPMS) | 300 MBq 18F-florbetaben- 18F-labeled amyloid | 18F-florbetaben uptake in white matter lesions in patients with MS is lower than in NAWM no significant differences were obtained between both groups regarding age (43.60 ± 2.0 vs. 49.00 ± 6.11, P = .07) and total lesion volume in T2- weighted MRI (39.47 ± 20.85 vs. 30.25 ± 15.37, P = .26) SUVRc in NAWM was lower in MS than in the total white matter in healthy controls |
Catafau et al. [25]/Germany | Review | – | [11C] PiB | Amyloid PET scan as a marker of myelin is being investigated in patients with multiple sclerosis |
Kim et al. [24]/Republic of Korea | Prospective | 25 patients with MSA, Age 64.9 ± 9.2 years, disease duration 5.1 ± 3.0 years (MMSE) score less than 26 | 740 MBq [11C] PiB | Cortical thinning in MSA-D was observed in areas where cortical thinning was reported in Alzheimer disease Pathological relevance is unclear |