Table 1 Distribution of COVID-19 patients according to the demographic and radiological features in comparison between the first and second pandemic waves with statistical significance
The demographic and radiological features: | First pandemic wave | Second pandemic wave | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Age: | |||||
• 0–10 years: | – | – | 1 | 0.1% | 0.317 |
• 11–20 years: | 15 | 1.5% | 149 | 14.9% | < 0.00001 |
• 21–30 years: | 83 | 8.3% | 128 | 12.8% | 0.001 |
• 31–40 years: | 333 | 33.3% | 187 | 18.7% | < 0.00001 |
• 41–50 years: | 292 | 29.2% | 177 | 17.7% | < 0.00001 |
• 51–60 years: | 125 | 12.5% | 163 | 16.3% | 0.016 |
• 61–70 years: | 107 | 10.7% | 132 | 13.2% | 0.085 |
• 71–80 years: | 55 | 5.5% | 63 | 6.3% | 0.448 |
- Mean: | 43 | 34 | |||
- Standard deviation (SD): | 19.6 | 17.9 | |||
Sex (Male : Female): | 62.5 : 37.5% | 61 : 39 % | 0.771 | ||
Pre-existing lung co-morbidity: | 13 | 1.3% | 42 | 4.2% | 0.000073 |
• COPD: | 7 | 0.7% | 22 | 2.2% | 0.005 |
• ILD: | – | – | 5 | 0.5% | 0.025 |
• TB: | – | – | 1 | 0.1% | 0.317 |
• Sarcoidosis: | 4 | 0.4% | 9 | 0.9% | 0.164 |
• Lung cancer or metastatic process: | 2 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.5% | 0.256 |
CT findings (at two weeks of infection): | |||||
• Ground-glass opacities with or without consolidations: | 1000 | 100% | 1000 | 100% | – |
• Atoll sign: | 84 | 8.4% | 99 | 9.9% | 0.245 |
• Bulls-eye or target sign: | – | – | 2 | 0.2% | 0.157 |
• Crazy-paving: | 167 | 16.7% | 222 | 22.2% | 0.002 |
° Patchy lesions with inter-lobular septal thickening. | 105 | 10.5% | 142 | 14.2% | 0.012 |
° Diffuse ground-glass with inter-lobular septal thickening. | 62 | 6.2% | 80 | 8% | 0.117 |
Peri-lobular fibrosis | 123 | 12.3% | 173 | 17.3% | 0.02 |
• Air-bubble or vacuolar sign: | 19 | 1.9% | 36 | 3.6% | 0.02 |
• Cavitation (> 1 cm): | – | – | 5 | 0.5% | 0.025 |
• Air-way involvement: | – | – | 33 | 3.3% | < 0.00001 |
° Head-cheese: | – | – | 8 | 0.8% | 0.005 |
° Bronchiectasis: | – | – | 25 | 2.5% | < 0.00001 |
° Tree in bud nodules | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 |
• Lymph nodes (short axis > 1 cm): | 22 | 2.2% | 38 | 38% | 0.036 |
• Pleural effusion: | 5 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.3% | 0.479 |
• Pericardial effusion: | 13 | 1.3% | 33 | 3.3% | 0.003 |
• Pneumo-mediastinum: | 2 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.7% | 0.095 |
Post-infectious sequel or complications (after 1 month of infection): | |||||
• Residual ground-glass attenuation: | 7/49 | 14.3% | 41/122 | 33.6% | 0.011 |
• Fibrosis: | 3/49 | 6.1% | 15/122 | 12.3% | 0.234 |
• Residual head cheese: | – | – | 5/122 | 4.1% | 0.151 |
• Secondary air trapping only: | – | – | 3/122 | 2.5% | 0.268 |
Secondary fungal infection: | – | – | 4 | 0.4% | 0.045 |
COVID-19 reinfection: | – | – | 1 | 0.1% | 0.317 |