Table 4 Extra-nasal involvement
(a) Periantral involvement | n = 18 (%) |
Premaxillary infiltration | 16 (89) |
Fat streakiness | 14 (79) |
Abscess | 2 (11) |
Buccal fat infiltration | 11 (61) |
Facial muscle involvement | 7 (39) |
Retroantral infiltration | 16 (89) |
Pterygopalatine fossa involvement | 6 (33) |
Masticator space involvement | 10 (56) |
Medial pterygoid | 7 |
Lateral pterygoid | 2 |
Masticator | 1 |
Temporal fossa | 8 (44) |
Infratemporal fossa | 9 (50) |
Palate involvement | 4 (22) |
Maxillary alveolar arch | 5 (28) |
Mandibular alveolar arch | 2 (11) |
(b) Orbital involvement | n = 14 (%) |
Proptosis | 13 (93) |
Preseptal space | 12 (86) |
NLD involvement | 10 (71) |
Extraconal fat | 13 (93) |
Streakiness | 13 |
Subperiosteal collection | 5 |
Intraconal space involvement | 8 (57) |
Ocular muscle involvement | |
Medial rectus | 5 |
Lateral rectus | 3 |
Superior rectus | 3 |
Inferior rectus | 5 |
Superior oblique | 3 |
Globe involvement | 4 (29) |
Optic nerve involvement | 4 (29) |
Stretched | 3 |
Enhancement | 1 |
Orbital apex | 1(4) |
(c) Intracranial extension | n = 5 (%) |
Only meningeal enhancement | 1 (20) |
Infarct + meningeal enhancement | 1 (20) |
Abscess + meningeal enhancement | 1 (20) |
Extra axial collection | 2 (40) |
(d) Vascular involvement | n = 2 |
Cavernous sinus thrombosis | 2 |
ICA thrombosis | 2 |
(e) Bony changes | n = 8 (%) |
Rarefaction | 3 (37) |
Erosion/destruction of | 4 (50) |
Cribriform plate | 2 |
Medial wall of orbit | 3 |
Inferior wall of orbit | 1 |
Maxilla | 4 |
Mandible | 1 |
Antrum | 1 |
Altered marrow signal intensity | 1 (13) |