Fig. 4

The LASSO regression model was used on the training data set to extract features for radiomics. a In an attempt to develop the parameter (λ) for the model of LASSO, a tenfold CV procedure was carried out 50 times. At the ideal values, vertical lines with dots are produced by the minimal criterion utilizing the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria) for the standard error of "1". log (λ) = − 2.435, and a value of 0.0876 was selected for λ. b The profile plots of the LASSO coefficients for each of the 1040 characteristics were produced. Once the plot had been constructed, the log (λ) series is shown as a coefficient profile. A vertical line is drawn at the selected value (16 non-zero coefficients for optimum λ) using tenfold cross-validation