Table 3 Classification of fetal malformation by 2D, 4D, and combined examinations, with correlation with postnatal outcomes (N = 25)
Classification of fetal malformations | Detected by 2D US (N) | Detected by 4D US (N) | Detected by combined examination (N) | Postnatal confirmed (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Neurological malformation (N = 6) (24%) | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Anencephaly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hydrancephaly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Aquiductal stenosis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dandy walker variant | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Chiari malformation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Holoprosencephaly | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Facial deformity (N = 3) (12%) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Cleft lip | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hypoterolism | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Micrognathia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Thorax malformation (N = 2) (8%) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Lung sequestration | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Diaphragmatic hernia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Abdominal malformation (N = 4) (16%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
Omphalocele | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Esophageal atresia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Gastrochiasis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Duodenal atresia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Genitourinary system malformation (N = 4) (16%) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
PUJO | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
PUV | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PCKD | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ambiguous genitalia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Skeletal system malformation (N = 4) (16%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Skeletal dysplasia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Club foot | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Polydactyly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hydrops fetalis (N = 2) (12%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Total | 19 (76%) | 20(80%) | 22 (88%) | 25 |