The value of myocardial MIBI washout rate in risk stratification of coronary artery disease

Abstract

Background

Although it is well established that MIBI does not redistribute as thallium within the myocardium, it showed a reverse redistribution phenomenon that can be expressed by the rate of myocardial MIBI washout. The aim in this study was calculating the global myocardial washout of the MIBI (GWR) in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) of different risk stratifications.

Results

This prospective study included 100 patients. All patients were stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups according to clinical evaluation using Framingham score, stress ECG results using Duke’s score and finally myocardial perfusion imaging prognostic findings. GWR was estimated in each of these groups. GWR mean was 9.5%, 13%, and 18% within clinically stratified patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients respectively with correlation coefficient 0.4. In addition, GWR mean was 9.7%, 15.4%, and 18.7% within patients stratified according to exercise ECG findings into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients respectively with correlation coefficient 0.6. Combining all myocardial perfusion findings, GWR mean was 7.9%, 15.1%, and 19.3% in patient with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk imaging findings respectively with correlation coefficient 0.71.

Conclusion

GWR is positively correlated with the risk stratifications of the CAD patients. GWR can be used as an additional parameter to assess the risk of CAD patients.

Background

CAD is a chronic condition affecting large numbers of people across the world. Hence, the assessment of the risk and actual burden of disease is the determinant key for the management with other interventions improving the quality of a patient’s life [1].

It is well noted now that the mortality rate owing to CAD has decreased, and this is a result of better detection of CAD patients, assessment of their risk, and better subsequent treatment [2].

Single-photon computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion scan using Tc^99m MIBI is considered one of the main non-invasive diagnostic tools that provide valuable information in assessment of CAD [3].

It is well known that MIBI, being lipophilic, enters the myocardial mitochondria passively then, being a cation, it is trapped inside by membrane negative potential. With impaired respiratory chain resulted from repeated ischemic changes, the mitochondrial membrane partially losses its negative charges with subsequent enhanced MIBI washout [3].

Aim of the work is calculation of GWR in CAD patients with different risk stratifications.

Methods

Study design and population

This prospective control study was performed in Nuclear Medicine Department in Kasr Alainy Hospital from March 2017 until December 2018. It included 100 patients [76 males and 24 females] with 54.2 ± 8.9 years mean age. Tc^99m MIBI myocardial perfusion gated SPECT imaging was done for all patients.

Inclusion criteria

CAD patients with different risk stratifications referred for myocardial perfusion scan.

Exclusion criteria

We excluded patients who underwent pharmacological stress study, as Duke’s criteria cannot be applied.

Clinical risk stratifications

All patients were stratified clinically through the total points received according to the primary version of Framingham risk score into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients. For female patients, total points of 19 or less was considered low risk, from 20 to 23 points was considered intermediate risk and above 23 points was considered high risk. While for male patients, total points of 12 or less was considered low risk, from 12 to 15 points was considered intermediate risk and above 15 points was considered high risk [4].

Exercise stress study results

All patients were then separately stratified by the exercise stress results through the total points received according to Duke’s risk score into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients. The Duke Treadmill Score (DTS) was calculated as follows:

$$ \mathrm{DTS}=\mathrm{Exercise}\ \mathrm{time}\ \left(\mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{minutes}\right)-\left(5\times \mathrm{ST}\ \mathrm{deviation}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{mm}\right)-\left(4\times \mathrm{angina}\ \mathrm{in}\mathrm{dex}\right) $$

The exercise time was based on using the Bruce protocol. ST deviation referred to maximum ST change (elevation or depression) in any lead except lead aVR. The angina index was 0 points if no chest pain occurs, 1 point if non-limiting chest pain occurs, and 2 points if typical anginal pain occurs that limits exercise. Patients were categorized as low risk (score > 5), intermediate risk (score between 4 and − 11), and high risk (score < − 11) [5].

Myocardial perfusions scan (MPS)

Two days protocol was used, rest in 1 day and stress exercise in the other. Additional delayed image was done following the rest study.

Imaging protocol used

Patients were instructed to fast for 4 to 6 h before the test. Cardiac medication including beta blockers, theophylline derivatives, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers were stopped 48 h prior to the study. Fatty foods (egg, milk, or chocolate) were given 15 min after Tc^99m MIBI injection to facilitate liver and biliary system clearance. A dose of 15 ± 3 mCi (555 ± 111 MBq) of Tc^99m MIBI was injected intravenously for each study.

Rest study included two images; one at 60–90 min post-injection and the other delayed image was 4 h after the same injection. The stress study was done as usual at 30–45 min after injection.

Dual head SPECT gamma camera was used with the two heads perpendicular to each other. High-resolution low energy collimator was used. Photon peak was adjusted at 140 keV with window 20% and 1.3 zoom factor and matrix 64 × 64. Patient was supine with elevated left arm to decreased attenuation. Imaging from 45° right anterior oblique to 135° left posterior oblique position. Synchronized ECG data with R wave trigger, 8 frames per cardiac cycle to produce 32 projections, each was 40 s.

Reconstruction was done with filtered back projection and Butterworth filter. All raw data sets were corrected with isotope decay factor and checked for patient motion by reviewing a rotating cine display.

Imaging interpretation

Perfusion defects in stress images were interpreted qualitatively in terms of their location, size, and severity. Location was interpreted according to coronary vascular territories likely to be involved. Size was interpreted according to the number of segments within affected wall. Small was when the number of affected segments is less than one thirds of the total wall segments, moderate was when the number of affected segments is more than one third but less than two thirds of the total wall segments while severe was when the number of affected segments is more than two thirds of the total wall segments). Severity was interpreted according to colon display (mild, moderate, and severe).

The reversibility of the stress-induced defects was assessed in the rest images in terms of complete (became normally perfused), partial (showed perfusion improvement but not return normal), or absent (fixed perfusion defects in both stress and rest studies).

Semi-quantitative data was done using two-dimensional polar map display showing apex at center and the base of the ventricle at the periphery. Then, it was divided into 17 segments representing the whole the myocardium. apex in the center, the four apical segments as a first ring, the six mid-cavity segments as the second ring, and the six apical segments as the outermost ring.

Each segment was scored visually based on the tracer uptake as 0, normal; 1, mildly reduced; 2, moderately reduced; 3, severely reduced; and 4, absent tracer uptake in rest and stress images. A summed rest score (SRS) and summed stress score (SSS) were obtained by adding the scores of the 17 segments of the rest and stress images, respectively. The summed difference score (SDS) was determined by subtracting the SRS from the SSS [6].

Gated data used for quantitative results including end systolic volume, end diastolic volume, and ejection fraction of left ventricle. Stress-induced transient ischemic dilatation was also identified [6].

MPS risk stratification

All patients were classified into three groups according to MPS findings as follows [7]:

High risk group patients have one or more of these findings: stress-induced large perfusion defect (> 20% of total left ventricular volume), stress-induced multiple perfusion defects of moderate size, severe resting left ventricular dysfunction (LV EF < 35%), and SSS > 13. Intermediate risk group, patients have one or more of these findings: stress-induced moderate (10–20%) perfusion defect, mild/moderate resting LV dysfunction (LV EF = 35–49%), and SSS 8-13. Low risk group, patients have all these findings: normal or small myocardial perfusion defect (< 10% of total left ventricular volume), normal left ventricular function (LV EF 50% or more), and SSS < 8.

Calculation of GWR

Calculation of GWR was calculated for each patient using counts per pixel in the two-dimensional polar map display as follows.

$$ GWR\kern0.5em =\frac{\mathrm{Ce}-\left(\mathrm{Cd}\times \mathrm{decay}\ \mathrm{factor}\right)}{\mathrm{Ce}}\mathrm{x}\ 100\% $$

Ce: total myocardial counts in early imaging

Cd: myocardial counts in delayed imaging

Decay factor: = 1/(1/2) ^x , x = (time difference)/6

Statistical methods

Data were statistically described in terms of mean ± standard deviation (± SD), median and range, or frequencies (number of cases) and percentages when appropriate. Comparison of numerical variables between the study groups was done using Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc multiple 2-group comparisons. Correlation between various variables was done using Pearson moment correlation equation for linear relation of normally distributed variables and Spearman rank correlation equation for non-normal variables/non-linear monotonic relation. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the potential interactions among the entered covariates. The Student t test was used for comparison of paired data, and P values less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were done using computer program IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) for Microsoft Windows.

Results

Characteristics of the patients

The study included 100 patients, [76 males and 24 females with mean age 54.25 ± 8.9 years, maximum age was 78 years and minimum age 35 years. Fifty-four patients were hypertensive, 41 patients were diabetic, 36 patients were smoker, and 39 patients were dyslipidemic.

Descriptive data

Within the 100 patients according to Framingham score, 15, 55, and 30 patients were considered as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk respectively. Within the 100 patients according to Duke’s risk score, 37, 43, and 20 patients were considered as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk respectively. Scintigraphic myocardial perfusion findings within the 100 patients demonstrated 43 patients had perfusion abnormality in less than two segments (small perfusion defects), 29 patients in 2–8 segments (moderate perfusion defects), and 28 patients in more than 8 segments (large perfusion defects). Forty-three patients had SSS less than 8, 15 patients had SSS between 8 and 13, and 42 patients had SSS more than 13. Twelve patients with global myocardial had impaired motions. Sixty-three patients had EF more than or equal 50, 12 patients had EF between 49 and 35, while 25 patients had EF less than 35. Combining all myocardial perfusion findings of the 100 patients, 40, 30, and 30 patients were considered as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk respectively.

According to Framingham scoring system, the mean GWR was 9.5% within 15 low-risk patients, 13% within 55 intermediate-risk patients, and 18% within 30 high-risk patients. According to Duke’s risk score, the mean GWR was 9.7% within 37 low-risk patients, 15.4 within 43 intermediate-risk patients, and 18.7 within 20 high-risk patients. Combining all myocardial perfusion findings, the mean GWR was 7.9% within 46 patients with low-risk scintigraphic features, 15.1% within 30 patients with intermediate-risk scintigraphic features, and 19.3% within 24 patients with high-risk scintigraphic features.

Analytical data

GWR was found to be intermediately positively correlated with the clinical risk and exercise ECG risk stratifications with correlation coefficient 0.4 and 0.6 respectively and strongly positively correlated with myocardial perfusion imaging poor prognostic features with correlation coefficient 0.71 (Figs. 1, 2, and 3).

Fig. 1

GWR correlation with Framingham’s score

Fig. 2

GWR correlation with Duke’s score

Fig. 3

GWR correlation with MPS stratification

GWR was negatively correlated with the ejection fraction with correlation coefficient − 0.4 (Fig. 4) and strongly positively correlated with the number of affected segment and summed difference score with correlation coefficient 0.7 and 0.76 respectively (Figs. 5 and 6).

Fig. 4

GWR correlation with EF

Fig. 5

GWR correlation with affected segment number

Fig. 6

GWR correlation with SDS

Case presentation is found in Figs. 7 and 8.

Fig. 7

Polar map in stress, early rest, and delayed rest of MPS of 65-year-old female patient presented with dyspnea, diabetic but not hypertensive classified clinically to be low risk. Her perfusion scan demonstrated mild small ischemia in the apex in the stress study with complete recovery in the rest phase. SSS = 3, SRS = 1, and SDS 2. EF was 62%. Her GWR was 8%

Fig. 8

Polar map in stress, early rest, and delayed rest of MPS of 62-year-old male patient presented with severe chest pain radiating to the back, diabetic, hypertensive, and smoker classified clinically to be high risk. His perfusion scan demonstrated large severe hypoperfusion in the stress study involving the apex as well as the apical and mid segments of the anterior wall. The latter demonstrated partial recovery in the rest phase. SSS = 18, SRS = 12, and SDS 6. EF was 32%. Her GWR was 23%

Discussion

CAD is a chronic condition affecting large numbers of people across the world accurate evaluation of CAD would greatly increase the survival rate of CAD patients [1].

The ultimate goal is identifying those patients at high risk of adverse outcomes who may benefit from revascularization procedures as well as identification of a low-risk population to avoid unnecessary invasive tests and procedure [8].

The ESC guidelines on the management of stable CAD define high event risk patients as those with annual mortality > 3% and low-risk patients with annual mortality < 1% [9].

We aimed in the present study to estimate MIBI GWR in CAD patients with different risk stratifications according to Framingham score, Duke’s score, and myocardial perfusion findings so that GWR can be an additional prognostic parameter that aid in decision making in patient with CAD.

Richter et al. was first to explain the accelerated MIBI washout in 1995 on 36 patients with CAD. They calculated the GWR after 120 min. In 35 of 114 segments, the score improved within 120 min so that 69.9% ± 22.5% to 74.5% ± 20.8% (P < 0.01). In 7 of 114 segments, the score deteriorated within 120 min so that 85.6% ± 9.9% to 80.1% ± 10.7% (P < 0.02). They concluded that some early defects might show changes in the late phase, such that some defects improved and other defects became worse. The major drawback in the Richter’s study was using the planar image for quantitative assessment. This caused distortion and decreased accuracy of his results [10].

Khandaker et al. attempted to resolve the uncertain rating assigned to SPECT MPI in risk assessment of CAD in asymptomatic patients. Two hundred and sixty asymptomatic patients with mean age 67 ± 8 years and without known CAD were included in the study. Survival at 10 years was 79% in patients with normal or low-risk cardiac scan. They concluded that SPECT MPI could accurately detect and stratify asymptomatic patients. They concluded that mortality was 4.0% per year in patients with high-risk scans compared to 1.6% patients with normal scans [11].

In the present study, the analysis of myocardial perfusion SPECT in the study group included qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative data. Qualitative findings showed 43 patients had perfusion abnormality in less than two segments (small perfusion defects), 29 patients in 2–8 segments (moderate perfusion defects), and 28 patients in more than 8 segments (large perfusion defects). Fifty patients showed normal wall motion, 38 patients with regional wall abnormality, and 12 patients with global myocardial impaired motions.

America et al. studied the additive prognostic value of perfusion and functional data of quantitative gated SPECT in 453 consecutive patients followed for average 1.33 years. Their result included 236 patients had an abnormal study, of whom 27 patients experienced serious cardiac events and 47 patients experience non-serious cardiac events and the rest witnessed no specific cardiac event. They concluded that perfusion and functional parameters derived from quantitative gated SPECT imaging could adequately be used for cardiac risk assessment. EF 52% or SSS > 22 are at increased risk for subsequent hard events. Patients with an SSS > 14 are at increased risk for at least non-serious cardiac events [12].

In the present study, semi-quantitative and quantitative scintigraphic findings showed 38 patients with SDS less than 2, 28 patients with SDS from 2 to 4, and 34 patients with SDS more than 4 and 34 patients with SDS more than 4. Also, 63 patients had normal EF being more than or equal 50%, while 12 patients had EF from 35 to 49. Only 25 patients had low EF less than 35%. Combining all myocardial perfusion findings and semi-quantitative parameters showed that 46 patients considered as low risk, 30 patients were considered intermediate risk, and 24 patients were considered high risk. The GWR was positively correlated with correlation coefficient of 0.71. In addition, global washout was positively correlated with SDS with correlation coefficient of 0.76.

Shiroodi et al. studied the ability of GWR to diagnose and evaluate heart failure severity and other left ventricular functional parameters. The study included 17 patients in different stages of dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased ejection fraction. The study demonstrated that GWR correlated with functional cardiac parameters using MPI in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. GWR correlated positively with EDV index and ESV index while it correlated negatively with EF [13].

These findings were close to our results regarding correlation of washout rate to myocardial perfusion findings. GWR correlated positively with ESV and EDV while it was negatively correlated with ejection fraction with correlation coefficient − 0.4.

Omar et al. estimated washout rate in 50 patients referred for MPI. They studied the correlation between the percentages of reversibility and the percentage of washout rate for each vascular territory with significant linear correlation with correlation coefficient for LAD, LCx, and RCA vascular territories was 0.69, 0.66, and 0.77 respectively [14].

Also, Du B et al. in 2014 studied seven patients to reveal the concealed balanced ischemia diagnosed by angiography. They reported that significantly higher global washout rate was observed in the three vessels CAD group (21.1 ± 4.6%) than the control group (9.5 ± 4.9%) [15].

Limitations

Unfortunately, in this study, we had a relatively small number of subjects to evaluate overall pattern of MIBI washout rate in different CAD patients. Also, we had no follow-up for the patients to study myocardial washout rate as an independent poor prognostic factor.

Conclusion

GWR can be used as an additional parameter for risk stratification of CAD patients. Also, GWR is correlated with the poor prognostic finding in myocardial perfusion scan being most evident with SDS.