The exact mechanism of urethral duplication remains still unknown, but the main theory is based on the abnormal relationship between the lateral Anlagen of genital tubercle and the ventral end of the cloacal membrane. Diagnosis and proper management of this anomaly are important in terms of the prevalence of UTIs among these patients. VCUG is the fundamental diagnostic tool for urethral duplication diagnosis which can provide a suitable surgical plan for the patients [3, 4].
Various studies have claimed that urethral duplication can be easily underdiagnosed in terms of associated genital anomalies [5,6,7], but we reported a 5-year-old boy with isolated urethral duplication. Previously, Effmann and colleagues have divided urethral duplication into 3 types and some subtypes based on radiological findings as below (Fig. 2).
Type I: This type is incomplete urethral duplication. Type IA (more common) is a distal Blind-ending accessory urethra which duplicated urethra’s opening is on the dorsal or ventral surface of the penis, but there is no communication with the urethra or bladder. In type IB, proximal-accessory urethra’s opening from the urethral channel ends blindly in the periurethral tissues (rare).
Type II: There is a complete patent accessory urethra in this type. It is divided into 2 subgroups: A (2 meatuses) and B (1 meatus). In type IIA1, there are two non-communicating urethras arising independently from the bladder. This type is the most common type in the literature. In type IIA2, second channel arises from the first and courses independently into a second meatus. Special type of IIA2 is Y-type, which second meatus ends up posteriorly in perineum. In Type IIB, two urethras arise from the bladder or posterior urethra and uniting into a common channel distally.
Type III: Accessory urethras arising from duplicated or septated bladders [8].
The main diagnostic tools used for the diagnosis of urethral duplication are VCUG, retrograde urethrography(RUG), intravenous urography(IVU), ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance urethrography (MRU), but the first step for the evaluation of a child with double urethra is the genital examination to see distal orifices of urethras and to determine the functional status of both urethras. Urethral duplication is generally detected by VCUG revealing two distinct urethras if both urethras are functioning. When VCUG fails to reveal the accessory urethra, RUG is performed. Because certain duplications have a non-dominant urethra that may be clogged with debris or have too much resistance for downstream flow to exhibit significant contrast opacification in VCUG, some authors advocate RUG as a first diagnostic modality. Intravenous urography can show widened pubic symphysis in epispadiasis and other urogenital anomalies like unilateral renal agenesis, ureteral duplication, and a duplicated bladder. Ultrasonography can show stricture, extra-luminal abnormal soft tissue or diverticulations of urethras. To evaluate surrounding soft tissues, complex fistulas and coexistent genitourinary or gastrointestinal anomalies and exact demonstration of sizes, shapes and positions of two urethras, MRU can be helpful. If this routine diagnostic modalities fail to reveal desired results, then direct visualization of urethras and bladder with urethro-cystoscopy can be done [4, 9,10,11,12].
The present case was isolated complete urethral duplication Effmann type II-A1 which had two distinct urethra with two meatuses, diagnosed by VCUG. More than half of cases of urethral duplication can be associated with other urogenital and gastrointestinal anomalies, such as vesicoureteral reflux, posterior urethral valves, bladder exstrophy, congenital urethral polyps, megalourethra, epispadias, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anal stenosis and renal dysplasia [11, 12]. For example, Patel and colleagues evaluate a 3-month-old premature male infant with imperforated anus and hypospadias. They showed a distinct linear tract arising dorsally from the posterior urethra that partially opacified with contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography which was confirmed by VCUG as a urethral duplication [1].
The radiological type, the patient's symptoms, and the severity of the abnormality are all essential criteria in deciding whether or not to treat urethral duplications surgically. Urinary incontinence, urinary blockage, and the presence of other genital anomalies may all be signs that surgery is needed [10, 12]. In Type IB or IIB urethral duplication treatment is not recommended. Although the study by Lopes and others showed that the patients with incomplete duplication (type I A or I B) can totally be asymptomatic, with no need for surgical correction, Guglielmett and her colleagues in a case series of 19 patients noted that Type IA, IB duplications are also treated similar to Type IIA2 by excision of the accessory atretic urethra and reconstruction of functional urethra. It was reported that type IIA2-Y is the most complex form of duplication to correct, and multiple procedures might be required [3, 10, 13].
Hence, the radiological investigations are mandatory in these patients not only to establish a diagnosis but also to identify the type of urethral duplication and ruling out associated anomalies which these findings guide surgeons to make the best decision for the patients. VCUG is one of the most useful and beneficial procedures for diagnosing urethral duplication.
These results are in line with what we found in our research. We also looked at the relevance of various imaging modalities in identifying urethral duplication and the indications of surgery for this condition in this research. The research was limited by the fact that the patient refused surgery.
We conducted VCUG for a 5-year-old boy with a double urinary stream which his final diagnosis was urethral duplication type II-A1 according to Effmann’s classification. VCUG can be used as a first-line diagnostic modality for similar cases.
